Al-Rafidain Engineering Journal (AREJ) is a scientific and open-access journal. AREJ belongs to the College of Engineering at the University of Mosul, Iraq. The first issue of AREJ was published in 1993. We are using iThenticate to prevent plagiarism and ensure our submitted manuscripts' originality. A double-blind peer-reviewing system is used to ensure the publication's quality.

The publication of AREJ sheds light on topics related to the disciplines of applied engineering, such as Civil, Electrical, Mechanical, Computer, Mechatronics, Architecture, Dams and Water Resources, and Environmental Engineering. Publishing under the license of Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY).  AREJ publishes original articles, review papers, and case reports in the field of applied engineering. This journal index into well-known world databases such as  DOAJ, OAJI, Google Scholar, and IASJ. AREJ adopted a unique DOI number  [10.33899/rengj] obtained for each article published.

The AREJ uses a double-blind peer-reviewing system to ensure the quality of the publication. All manuscripts should be submitted through our online manuscript management system. The author should first register in our system and then submit their manuscript. We will use iThenticate to check plagiarism before sending it to reviewers, who should be under 20%. We will notify corresponding authors about their manuscripts through our online system within one to two months.

AREJ publishes open-access articles, which means that all articles are available on the internet to all users immediately upon publication. All articles published in the AREJ are open-access and immediately available to read, download, and share. Articles published in the AREJ are under the terms of a Creative Commons license 4.0 (CC-By), which permits users to read, print, and download, or redistribute, translate, and download the article for text and data mining purposes, or reuse portions or extracts from the article in other works. The AREJ is committed to upholding Publication Ethics (COPE) and obligates the authors to avoid plagiarism and illegal citations.

As an open-access journal, publishing an article in this journal requires an Article Processing Charge (APC) that will be billed to the submitting author following acceptance. There are no other fees (for example, submission, page, or color charges). The Article Processing Charge for the journal is 100.000 IQD for Iraqi authors inside Iraq.  The Article Processing Charge is FREE for international authors. 

The AREJ stopped reviewing and publishing articles from 2015 (stopped after publishing volume 23, issue 5, year 2015) to 2019 (reactivated from volume 24, issue 1, year 2019) during ISIS occupying Mosul city for three years after the military liberation operation conducted by Iraqi forces to liberate Mosul city. The AREJ has been receiving and publishing articles since 2019.

Previously, the journal published articles in Arabic and English, but in 2023, the publishing was turned to English only with Arabic abstracts.

 

ISSN:  1813-0526 (Print); 2220-1270 (Online)

Al-Rafidain Engineering Journal (AREJ) is a signatory to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) Publishers Compact.  AREJ supports the following U.N. Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) :

1- Zero Hunger: End hunger, achieve food security, improve nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture.

2- Quality Education: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all.

3- Clean Water: Ensure the availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.

4- Affordable and clean energy: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all.

5- Industry, innovation, and infrastructure: Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization, and foster innovation.

6- Sustainable cities and communities: Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable.

 

Vol. 30 No. 2 (2025): Volume 30 Issue 2

Volume 30 Issue 2

Published: 2025-09-01

Contents


Review Paper
A Review of Hierarchical Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks: Types and Recent Developments

Qamar Burhan Abdullah, Salah Abdulghani Alabady, Fadzli M. Salleh, Mohammad S. Khan

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are crucial in applications such as environmental monitoring, healthcare, and smart cities. However, the constrained energy resource of sensor nodes and the...

DOI: 10.33899/arej.2025.157162.1387

Pages: 1-15
Research Paper
The Effect of Routing Protocols on the Performance of Wireless Networks in Versatile Underwater Applications

Sanabil Ahmed Mahmood

Underwater Sensor Networks (UWSNs) have attracted the research community due to their critical applications, such as environmental monitoring, hurricane tracking, and disaster analysis, to mention...

DOI: 10.33899/arej.2025.188674.1403

Pages: 16-26
An Analytical Study for the Installation of a Hybrid Photovoltaic System for a Power Substation at the University of Mosul campus

Hussen Shukr Mahmood, Wael Hashem Hamdon

Given the widespread interest in the use of renewable and sustainable energy sources to address the issue of electricity supply, as well as their limitations, high costs and high prices of fossil...

DOI: 10.33899/arej.2025.188891.1407

Pages: 27-39
Enhancing Fault-Tolerant Reliability in Hypercube Networks

Turkan Ahmed Khaleel

The primary objective is to enhance fault-tolerant reliability in Hypercube Networks by developing and evaluating novel adaptive routing methods. The proposed system resolves performance stability...

DOI: 10.33899/arej.2025.158958.1401

Pages: 40-49
Effect of Friction Pressure on Mechanical Properties of Austenitic Stainless-Steel Pipe Using Rotary Friction Welding

Zhiyar Salar Tawfeeq, Ramadhan Hussain Gardi

Rotary friction welding (RFW) is one of the most effective and efficient methods of joining for welding similar and dissimilar materials in different industrial applications. In this study, the...

DOI: 10.33899/arej/arej.2025.159648.1416

Pages: 50-60
Privileging and Prioritizing Processes of Sustainable Energy Resources for Residential Loads to Energize Green Cities

Basman Mahmood Hasan Alhafidh, Rabee Hagem, Mustafa Siham Qassab, mohammed Basil Mahmood

The protection and management of residential solar panel energy systems in smart cities that depend on the Internet of Things (IoT) are vital. Controlling residential energy consumption manually is...

DOI: 10.33899/arej.2025.158074.1392

Pages: 61-75
Performance Analysis of Machine Learning Algorithms for Microwave Low-Pass Filter Design in Modern Communication Systems

Mohammad Zaed Farhan, Sahar L. Qadoori, Ahmed M A Sabaawi

The increasing reliance on wireless networks for data transmission has increased the demand for microwave filters that are characterized by high efficiency, small size, and low cost. This study...

DOI: 10.33899/arej.2025.159105.1403

Pages: 76-89
Siamese Neural Networks and Transfer Learning for Kinship Verification from Dermal Palm Images

Mazin H. Aziz

Kinship verification is a crucial research area due to its diverse applications, including paternity tests, family reunions, and criminal investigations. While DNA analysis has been the predominant...

DOI: 10.33899/arej.2025.159532.1412

Pages: 90-103
Segmentation of Medical MRI Images Using Nested U-Net with Attention Mechanism and Fuzzy Pooling

Noor M. Basheer, Ali Al-Saegh

Segmentation of medical images is a crucial step in the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases, particularly when analyzing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Despite significant...

DOI: 10.33899/arej.2025.159398.1409

Pages: 104-115
Performance Evaluation of Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Integrated with Concentrated Solar Power System

Rahma Luqman Ibrahim Salih Luqman Mulla Abdulla, Abdulrahaman Habbo Al Habbo

The development of simple gas power plants is attracting significant interest. In this regard, the possibility of developing a simple gas power plant with a capacity of (125MW) is being discussed....

DOI: 10.33899/arej.2025.157945.1390

Pages: 116-123
Effect Of Sprinkler Riser Height And Cyclic Pressure Head Variation On Water Distribution Pattern For Grid Sprinkler Irrigation Systems

Huthaifa Ayad Noory, Anmar Abdulaziz Altalib, Haqqi Ismail Yasin

Operating pressure is one of the most important factors in breaking up and dispersion of the water jet into droplets. In addition, the sprinkler riser helps calm, stabilize, and regulate the flow...

DOI: 10.33899/arej.2025.158678.1399

Pages: 124-136
Assessment and Statistical Analyses of Rutting, Cracking and Fatigue Resistance of Warm-Mix Asphalt

Abdul-Rahim Ibrahim Al-Hadidy, Radhwan Alzeebaree, Ju`ma Abdulla Abdal, Anıl Nis, Amani A. Al-Ttayiy

Warm-mix asphalt (WMA) is produced at lower temperatures than hot-mix asphalt (HMA), suggesting reduced compaction efforts. This study aims to evaluate rutting, cracking, and fatigue resistance of...

DOI: 10.33899/arej.2025.158464.1397

Pages: 137-150
Energy Management and Cost Reduction: A Predictive Approach to Monthly Electricity Billing in Mosul Residential Settings

Mazin H. Aziz, Dhafir A. Alneema

Efficient electrical power management is crucial for both suppliers and consumers, significantly affecting consumer budgets and national economies. In Iraq, residential electricity consumption...

DOI: 10.33899/arej.2025.160075.1421

Pages: 151-162
Assessing the Dynamic Behavior of Step Footing Placed on the Surface of Sandy Soil

Moataz A. Al-Obaydi, Khalid M. Al-Obaydi, Adnan J. Zedan

Numerous factors, including soil type, moisture content, foundation type, and excitation intensity, have impacted how soil responds to excitation forces. An accumulation of underlining soil...

DOI: 10.33899/arej.2025.160953.1428

Pages: 163-174
High-Selectivity Performance Dual-Mode Folded Half-Wavelength Resonator Band Pass Filter for 5G Networks

Halah Rageh Mahmood, Saad Wasmi Luhaib

This paper presents the new dual-mode half-wavelength folded microstrip resonator. The capacitance effect achieves the external coupling by changing the gap distance, while stub loading achieves...

DOI: 10.33899/arej.2025.159535.1413

Pages: 176-182