Al-Rafidain Journal For Sport Sciences

The Narcissistic Personality and Its Relationship with Achievement Motivation among Players of Some Team Sports

Abdalaziz Mahmood Younis Alaqeedi, Noora Abdulrazzaq Jamal Malla Obaid — Fri, 24 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The study aims to:

To develop a narcissistic personality scale for players of selected team sports.
To identify the degree of narcissistic personality and achievement motivation among players of selected team sports.
To examine the relationship between narcissistic personality and achievement motivation among players of selected team sports.

The study employed the descriptive method using both survey and correlational approaches. The study population consisted of 336 players from the university teams of Iraq in futsal and volleyball from the northern region. The study sample included 208 players, representing 61.90% of the original study population from the northern region university teams available to the study participants—121 players (58.17%) from futsal teams and 87 players (41.83%) from volleyball teams. The study's participants used a narcissistic personality scale and a sports achievement motivation scale as study instruments. Data were analyzed using statistical software packages (Excel, SPSS) to obtain the study results.

Findings:

The narcissistic personality scale developed by the researchers is valid for players of selected team sports.
The study sample demonstrated a moderate level of narcissistic personality.
The study sample showed a high level of achievement motivation in sports.
There was no correlation between narcissistic personality and achievement motivation among the study sample.

The effect of special exercises using a ball-throwing machine with light stimuli on several physical variables among advanced table tennis players of Al-Futowa Sports Club

Fri, 24 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study aimed to examine the impact of specialized exercises using a ball-throwing machine with light stimuli on certain physical variables among advanced table tennis players at Al-Futowa Sports Club. The researcher used the experimental method because it was well-suited to the study's purpose. The sample was intentionally selected from eight advanced players at Al-Futowa Sports Club in Nineveh Governorate. The participants were randomly divided into two groups: experimental and control.

The researcher used a two-group experimental design (experimental and control) with pre- and post-tests for both groups. The procedures involved creating a training program with a light-stimulus device designed with the help of a specialized engineer. This device was connected to the ball-throwing machine to function as a single system, emitting light stimuli in five specific areas on the table surface. The light stimulus area changed simultaneously with the ball's release from the throwing machine.

The researcher designed skill-based exercises by analyzing the best matches of the world’s top three players, based on the International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF) rankings. The training program was implemented by the experimental group using the light-stimulus device, the ball-throwing machine, and the specially designed exercises derived from the match analysis. In contrast, the control group followed the training program prepared by the team coach.

The training program lasted for eight weeks, consisting of two medium training cycles and eight microcycles, with three training sessions per week. The results revealed that the training program had a positive effect on the physical variables—namely, eye–arm coordination, reaction speed, explosive arm strength, explosive leg strength, trunk flexibility, and shoulder flexibility—in favor of the experimental group in the post-tests.

Some Biomechanical Variables of Hurdle Clearance Steps (1-4-8) and Their Relationship to the 100m Hurdles Performance for Advanced Female Athletes

Harween Burhan Kamal, Mumtaz Ahmed Ameen — Fri, 24 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The study aimed to identify the values of some biomechanical variables during the hurdle clearance steps (1-4-8) and their relationship to performance in the 100-meter hurdles for advanced female athletes. The researcher used the descriptive approach with a correlational method, as it suits the nature of the study. The study sample was intentionally selected and consisted of five (5) female hurdlers from the advanced category who represented their clubs in the Iraqi Clubs and Institutions Athletics Championship in the 100-meter hurdles. These athletes were officially registered in the records of the Iraqi Central Athletics Federation for the year (2021–2022) and had achieved the best results in the Iraq Championship.

The data were statistically processed using the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, and Pearson correlation coefficient. Based on the analysis, the researchers reached the following conclusions:

There was a significant correlation between some biomechanical variables in the flight phase before the hurdle and performance in the 100m hurdles, as follows:

Between the first hurdle and performance (variable 2)
Between the fourth hurdle and performance (variable 5)
Between the eighth hurdle and performance (variable 4)

There was a significant correlation between some biomechanical variables in the flight phase after the hurdle and performance in the 100m hurdles, as follows:

Between the first hurdle and performance (variable 1)
Between the eighth hurdle and performance (no correlation found)

There was a significant correlation between some biomechanical variables in the hurdle clearance phase and performance in the 100m hurdles, as follows:

Between the first hurdle and performance (variable 3)
Between the fourth hurdle and performance (variable 1)
Between the eighth hurde and performance (variable 2)

Organizational normalization in the youth and sports directorates in Iraq

Mohamed A. Ahmed Khali, Khaled M. Aziz Al-Abadi — Fri, 24 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Organizational normalization stands out as one of the important pillars for effective engagement with the directorate's culture and its goals. It also extends to integrating staff into the organizational fabric, enhancing their sense of belonging and loyalty, and motivating them to perform at their best. And the research aims to:

Preparing a questionnaire for organizational normalization in the youth and sports directorates in Iraq.
Identifying the level of organizational normalization in the youth and sports directorates.

he researchers used the descriptive approach in line with the nature of the current research. The research community included all the staff of the Youth and Sports Directorates, numbering (5230) male and female employees, distributed over (17) directorates in (15) governorates. The research sample was selected using the cluster method, and included the staff working in the Youth and Sports Directorates, numbering (755) male and female employees, excluding the directorate directors, their assistants, and the heads of the administrative divisions. The sample was divided into three samples: the first is the exploratory application sample, numbering (38) male and female employees. The second is the preparation and construction sample, numbering (453) male and female employees. The third is the final application sample of the two research tools, numbering (264) male and female employees level.

The researchers concluded the following:

the Youth and Sports Directorates (Nineveh, Kirkuk, Karbala, and Salah al-Din) adopt Babil, Wasit, Muthanna, Maysan, and Diyala) adopt a low-level organizational normalization.
The administrations of the Youth and Sports Directorates (Karkh, Rusafa, Sadr City, Diwaniyah, and Anbar) adopt a medium-level organizational normalization.

The administrations of the Youth and Sports Directorates (Basra, Najaf, and Dhi Qar) adopt a high-level organizational normalization.

Effect of Some Demographic and Lifestyle Variables Upon Mental Health

Mohammed Yehya Fuqaihi — Fri, 24 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The present study aimed to investigate the impact of certain demographic variables and lifestyle factors on the mental health of adults aged 18 to 65 years living in an urban environment. Particular attention was given to determining whether higher levels of physical activity are associated with lower psychological distress, as measured by the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). Participants were recruited from community centers, gyms, and online platforms, resulting in an initial sample of 500 individuals. After applying inclusion criteria (physically capable adults) and exclusion criteria (individuals with known psychological disorders), a total of 450 participants completed the study.

The final sample consisted of 220 females (48.9%) and 230 males (51.1%), with a mean age of 34.5 years (± 12.3). Physical activity was assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), while mental health was evaluated using the GHQ-12. Demographic and lifestyle variables—including age, gender, smoking status, and sleep quality—were collected through a structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26.0, employing descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation coefficients, and multiple regression analysis to explore the relationships among variables.

The results revealed a significant negative correlation between total physical activity and GHQ-12 scores (r = -0.45, p < 0.001), indicating that higher levels of physical activity were associated with lower psychological distress. Multiple regression analysis showed that total physical activity (β = -0.32, p < 0.001) and sleep quality (β = -0.25, p < 0.01) were significant predictors of mental health, together explaining 18% of the variance in GHQ-12 scores (R² = 0.18). Interaction effects of demographic and lifestyle variables were not statistically significant.

The Relationship between Psychological Alienation and Physical and Skill Self-Esteem in Female Volleyball Players of Iraqi University Teams

Mohammed Khalid Mohammed Dawood — Fri, 24 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study aims to:

Study psychological alienation among female volleyball players on Iraqi university teams.
Assess physical and skill self-esteem among female volleyball players from Iraqi university teams.
Explore the link between psychological alienation and physical and skill self-esteem among these players.

Methodology:
The researcher used the descriptive method because it suited the nature of the study. The research sample consisted of female volleyball players participating in the Iraqi Universities Championship finals for the 2024/2025 academic year, representing the following universities: University of Mosul, University of Al-Hamdaniya, Northern Technical University, University of Nineveh, Al-Mustansiriya University, University of Diyala, Islamic University, University of Basra, Al-Farahidi University, and University of Al-Mustaqbal. The sample included 88 players out of 109, which is 80.73% of the research population.

Data were gathered using scales that measure psychological alienation as well as physical and skill self-esteem. The researcher analyzed the data using statistical tools, including mean, standard deviation, percentage calculations, skewness coefficient, and Pearson’s simple correlation coefficient. All analyses were performed using SPSS.

Results:

The research sample showed a high level of psychological alienation, as determined by comparing the mean scores to the hypothetical average of the scale.
The research sample exhibited low levels of physical and skill self-esteem, as determined by comparing the mean scores to the hypothetical averages of the respective scales.

An inverse correlation was found between psychological alienation and physical and skill self-esteem.

The effect of a training program accompanied by mental training in developing sensorimotor perception and overcoming learning stability in improving the skills of Spiking and Blocking for female volleyball players.

Mohammed Hasan Mustafa — Fri, 24 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Mental training constitutes a fundamental component in preparing athletes for competition. It involves the visualization of movements, their sequence, situational contexts, objectives, and all dimensions of competitive performance. The first aim of the current study was to examine the impact of a training program accompanied by mental training on the development of selected perceptual-motor abilities related to the skills of spiking and blocking, and the second aim was to investigate the effect of a training program accompanied by mental training in overcoming the learning plateau in the skills of spiking and blocking among the female volleyball players of Sanharib (Sennacherib) Sports Club. Using an experimental approach, the program was tested on eight players (excluding setters and liberos) during their 2022–2023 preseason preparation for a regional championship. The results revealed notable improvements: participants significantly boosted their spiking accuracy and perceptual-motor skills (e.g., coordination, timing) after the intervention. However, blocking skills showed only marginal gains, suggesting this technique may require more specialized training. Crucially, the combined mental-physical regimen helped athletes push past the “learning plateau,” a common hurdle in skill mastery. These findings highlight the importance of mental training in sports not just for focus but for reshaping how athletes process complex movements. By blending cognitive exercises with practice, coaches can foster resilience and adaptability, offering a blueprint to refine training programs for competitive athletes. The study underscores the value of holistic approaches in sports science, where mindset and mechanics work hand-in-hand to unlock peak performance

Adaptation of Barrow Ball Dribbling Test According to the Variable of Ball Touch Frequency

Majeed Sabah Zakaria, عمر سمير ذنون , Mohammed Khaleel Mohammed — Fri, 24 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study aimed to adapt the Barrow dribbling test in football by changing the scoring method to create a more accurate test that realistically reflects a player’s ball control during dribbling. The modification focused on the number of ball touches during the test, which better indicates the level of technical control and performance speed in young players.

To achieve this goal, the researchers used the descriptive method in survey form with a sample of 125 players randomly selected from five football academies in Nineveh Governorate. The adaptation process focused on revising the scoring method. After conducting pilot experiments and verifying the validity, reliability, and objectivity of the standardized test, the modified version of the Barrow test was applied. The performances were recorded on video to analyze both the number of ball touches and the time taken to complete the test on the application sample.

The results indicated that the new index (touches per second) offers a more accurate way to measure skill differences among players. Additionally, normative tables were created to assist in interpreting performance levels. The study recommends using the adapted version of the Barrow test in talent identification and skill evaluation programs for youth football players

Evaluation of the Pull-Up Test According to the Variables of Work and Body Measurements

Fahad Salih Thiab Alshihab, Waleed Khalid Rajab , Layth Ismaeel Sabri — Fri, 24 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The present study aims to:

Employ the variables of work and anthropometric measurements in the pull-up test.
Identify the contribution rates of the study variables to the pull-up test through the best regression model applied to the adjusted scores derived from the raw test scores.
Establish new standards and levels for the test in light of work and anthropometric variables.

The researchers adopted the descriptive method using the survey approach. The sample consisted of 79 advanced-level players from clubs in Nineveh Governorate participating in team sports (football, futsal, basketball, volleyball, and handball). To obtain the necessary data, the researchers utilized the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). They applied several statistical tools, including mean, standard deviation, percentage, mode, skewness coefficient, Pearson’s simple correlation coefficient, and multiple regression.

The study reached the following main conclusions:

The displacement value per single ascent in the pull-up test amounted to 90% of the arm length measured from the shoulder joint to the joint between the metacarpals and phalanges.
There is a significant correlation between the dependent variable (repetition) and the independent variables (work, body mass, and arm length) in the pull-up test, with a correlation coefficient of 0.972.
The study variables (work and anthropometric measurements) contributed to performance (repetition) in the pull-up test.

The relationship between certain kinematic variables, specific coordination skills, and the accuracy of the underhand reception in volleyball

Firas Younis Thannoon, Waleed Ghanim Thannoon, Ahmed Hamid Alsuwaidi — Fri, 24 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The research aimed to examine kinematic variables and their relationship with accuracy during the execution of the underhand reception skill in volleyball.

Identify the values of some kinematic variables of the underhand reception skill,
Determine the accuracy scores of the technical performance of the underhand reception skill in volleyball.
Identify the values of specific coordinative abilities (under study).
Finally, to examine the relationship between accuracy values and certain kinematic variables of the underhand reception skill, as well as the connection between some kinematic variables and specific coordinative abilities — specifically the ability to respond quickly and to adapt to changing situations — in the technical performance of the underhand reception skill among volleyball players.

Methodology

The researcher used a descriptive correlational approach. The sample was deliberately chosen from players of Al-Shamal Refinery Club, who competed in the Iraqi Volleyball Premier League during the 2022–2023 season.

To collect data, the researcher used various tools, including:

Scientific sources and references,
Personal interviews,
Questionnaires,
Tests,
Measurements,
And scientific technical observation.

The research sample was recorded using two cameras:

The first camera, CASIO EX-FH25 EXILM digital, with a speed of 300 frames per second, was placed 5.44 meters from the center of the circle drawn in the middle of the court, perpendicular to the left side of the player's body, at a height of 1.28 meters from the ground to focus the lens.
The second device was an iPhone 12 Pro Max, recording at 240 frames per second, placed 4.80 meters from the center of the circle, perpendicular to the right side of the player's body, and at a height of 1.28 meters from the lens focus.

A 1-meter-long scale was used and filmed both horizontally and vertically at the center of motion before the experiment started to ensure measurement accuracy.

The statistical methods employed included:

Percentages,
The mean,
Standard deviation,
Coefficient of variation,
And Pearson’s straightforward correlation coefficient.

Findings

There was variation in the achievement of coordinative abilities in their significant correlations with kinematic variables during the execution of the underhand reception skill.

Developing a Psychological Assessment Scale for Premier League Handball Players

Abdulkarim Habbo Mohammed Alhabbo, Nagham Khalid Najeeb Alkhaffaf — Fri, 24 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The current study aimed to develop a psychological assessment scale for Premier League handball players in Iraq. The researchers employed the descriptive method in its survey style, as it was suitable for the nature of the current study. The study population consisted of players in the Iraqi Premier League for handball during the 2023–2024 sports season, totaling 158 players distributed among premier league handball clubs, according to statistics obtained from the Iraqi Central Handball Federation.

The study sample included 120 players, representing approximately 76% of the study population, distributed among the following sports clubs: Al-Phosphate Club, Al-Mu‘allimeen Club, Kiwan Club, Al-Qasim Club, Al-Ta‘awun Club, Al-Ittihad Club, Al-Siniya Club, Al-Salman Club, and Al-Nasiriyah Club.

The researchers used content analysis and a questionnaire as tools for data collection. To construct the psychological assessment scale, they followed the scientific procedures for developing psychological scales. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), applying the following statistical methods: percentage, Chi-square, arithmetic mean, standard deviation, calculated and tabulated t-value, Pearson’s simple correlation coefficient (r), Spearman–Brown formula, and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient.

A Historical Study of the Participation and Achievements of the Iraqi Olympic National Football Team in 2003 and 2004

Mohammed Ramadhan Najum, Hadeel Dahi Abdullah, Zahiah Sabah Abdulsalam — Fri, 24 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The study consisted of five chapters.
The first chapter addressed the introduction, significance of the study, the study problem, objectives, and the human, temporal, and spatial fields of the study.
The second chapter covered two main sections:

The first section focused on the friendly matches and tournaments of the Iraqi Olympic national football team in 2003.
The second section dealt with the Olympic qualifiers for the Athens Olympics, specifically the first and second rounds.

The third chapter examined the final round of the Olympic qualifiers for the Athens Olympics.
The fourth chapter focused on the Athens 2004 Olympic Games and the matches played by the Iraqi Olympic national team during the tournament.
The fifth chapter presented a set of conclusions and recommendations.

The Effect of a Physical Training Curriculum Using the Second Part of the Second Zone of Interval Training Zones on Aerobic Efficiency, Fatigue Index, and Speed Endurance of Advanced Soccer Players

ازاد احمد خالد, Zaid Mahfooth Abdulkader — Fri, 24 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The study aimed to identify the significance of differences in aerobic efficiency, fatigue index, and speed endurance between the pre-test and post-test after implementing a physical training program based on the timing of (the second part of the second zone) of interval training zones.

The researchers employed an experimental method with a one-group design, including both pre- and post-tests. The research population consisted of 28 football players from Duhok Sports Club, which competes in the Iraqi First Division Football League. The research sample included only 20 players after excluding three goalkeepers and five players due to injury or absence from post-tests. Therefore, the sample represented 71.42% of the total population.

The training program was carried out in the second part of the second interval training zone based on time, during both the general and specific preparation periods, for eight weeks, three days a week (Saturday, Monday, and Wednesday). On the other three days, the team performed their regular training, and Friday was a rest day.

The program included two mesocycles, each made up of four microcycles, totaling 24 training sessions. After conducting pre- and post-tests, collecting the study data, and performing statistical analysis, the researchers drew several conclusions, the most important of which were:

1. The training program proved effective in improving the studied variables (fatigue index, aerobic efficiency, and speed endurance) among the sample, as all showed significant gains when comparing pre- and post-tests.

2. The increase in the fatigue index is due to the direct effect of anaerobic exercises included in the training program, where short rest periods and high exercise intensity caused lactate buildup, leading to noticeable muscle fatigue—aligned with the traits of anaerobic endurance.

3. The participants demonstrated improved aerobic efficiency through regular interval training, which boosted their maximum oxygen uptake (VO₂ max) and enhanced the function of their respiratory and circulatory systems. This improvement positively impacted their ability to perform for more extended periods.

Bottom of Form

A Proposed Matrix of Sustainable Development Standards in Sports Facilities: An Analytical Vision"

Fahad Bin Juwai’ed Al Ulaian, Abdulilah Ahmed Alsalawi — Fri, 24 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Ensuring the efficiency and continuity of sports facilities in serving the community is essential. This highlights the importance of developing a proposed matrix of sustainable development standards, which acts as a tool to guide and assess the performance of these facilities. Consequently, the study aimed to create a proposed matrix of sustainable development standards for sports facilities by presenting an analytical perspective based on the descriptive–analytical method and utilizing the Delphi technique to gather and evaluate the opinions of a panel of experts.

The research problem was the lack of a comprehensive normative framework that helps decision-makers implement sustainable practices in the design and operation of sports facilities within the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The study analyzed four main dimensions of sustainability — environmental, social, economic, and technological — to develop the matrix. It also focused on five key sustainability criteria: sustainable design and location, water conservation, energy conservation, internal efficiency, and material management.

The proposed matrix was validated by eight experts using the Delphi method over four rounds of evaluation. In the first stage, a preliminary matrix of 100 standards was created based on these dimensions and criteria. The final stage produced a refined matrix containing 99 standards.

The study concluded that adopting these standards is necessary as a guiding framework for evaluating and planning sports facilities. It recommended integrating and embedding them into the regulatory policies issued by sports authorities and generalizing their use in the processes of review, development, implementation, and operation of sports facilities in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, in line with the specific context and variables of each facility. This approach aims to enhance efficiency and effectiveness while contributing to the achievement of the sustainability objectives outlined in Saudi Vision 2030.

Attitudes of Faculty Members in Colleges of Physical Education and Sport Sciences at Iraqi Universities toward E-Learning

Safa Mandel Ajaj, Omer Sameer Malla Hamoo — Fri, 24 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Study Objectives

To develop a scale that measures attitudes toward e-learning among faculty members of Colleges of Physical Education and Sport Sciences in Iraq.
To assess the level of attitudes toward e-learning among faculty members of Colleges of Physical Education and Sport Sciences in Iraq.

The descriptive method with a survey approach was used because it fits the nature of this study. The study population included faculty members from the Colleges of Physical Education and Sport Sciences at Iraqi universities during the 2022–2023 academic year, totaling 1,238 members across 18 universities.

The construction and application samples included 320 faculty members from the original study population, randomly selected and divided into a construction sample and an application sample. The construction sample consisted of 200 faculty members, including a pilot sample of 20 faculty members and a statistical analysis sample of 180 faculty members. The application sample comprised 120 faculty members from the Colleges of Physical Education and Sport Sciences.

The final version of the instrument included 35 items spread across five domains. The researchers used the following statistical methods to analyze the data: percentage, arithmetic mean, standard deviation, Pearson’s simple correlation coefficient, and the standard score (6-sigma).

Findings

A 35-item scale was developed to measure faculty members' attitudes toward e-learning in Colleges of Physical Education and Sport Sciences in Iraq.
Normative levels for measuring attitudes toward e-learning among the target faculty members were established.
The overall attitude of faculty members in Iraq's Colleges of Physical Education and Sport Sciences toward e-learning was found to be moderate.

Recommendations

Use the attitude scale developed in this study to evaluate the level of e-learning orientation among faculty members in the Colleges of Physical Education and Sport Sciences in Iraq, and refer to the normative levels table established by the study

The Effect of the Mastery Learning Approach Using Artificial Intelligence on Learning the Skills of Ball Rolling and Dribbling in Futsal for Female Students

Shatha Hussein Mohammed — Fri, 24 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The researcher connected the mastery learning approach with artificial intelligence technology.

The researcher linked the mastery learning approach with artificial intelligence technology to examine its effect on female students’ learning of ball-rolling and dribbling skills in futsal. Given the effectiveness of the mastery learning approach in skill acquisition and the role of artificial intelligence in enhancing information retention, the researcher combined these two variables to determine their impact on learning futsal skills.

The aim of the study

The research aimed to identify:

The effect of the mastery learning approach using artificial intelligence on learning the skills of ball rolling and dribbling in futsal for female students.
The level of learning of these two skills (ball rolling and dribbling) among female students according to the mastery learning approach using artificial intelligence.

Methodology

The researcher used the experimental method.
The research population consisted of 60 first-grade intermediate female students at Al-Mustansiriya Secondary School for Girls.
A random sample (by lottery) of 40 students was selected and divided into two groups:

An experimental group (20 students)
A control group (20 students)

The researcher used the equivalent groups design with pre- and post-tests.
An instructional program based on the mastery learning approach, using artificial intelligence, was implemented across 16 instructional units, each lasting 40 minutes.

After completing the pre- and post-tests, data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS).

Conclusions

The mastery learning approach using artificial intelligence was practical in teaching the skills of ball rolling and dribbling in futsal.
The use of artificial intelligence techniques generated enthusiasm and motivation among the students during the learning process.

The experimental group outperformed the control group in learning both the ball rolling and dribbling skills.

The Degree of Practicing Supervisory Competencies among Educational Supervisors and Specialists from the Perspective of Physical Education Teachers in Mosul City According to the Variables of Academic Qualification and Years of Service

ايثار عبد الكريم غزال المعماري, Ethar Abdulkareem Ghazal Almi’emari — Fri, 24 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The study aimed to evaluate the extent of supervisory competencies demonstrated by educational supervisors and specialists from the perspective of physical education teachers and instructors. It also sought to identify any statistical differences between the responses of physical education teachers and instructors regarding the level of supervisory competencies by educational supervisors and specialists, based on variables such as academic qualification and years of experience.

The descriptive-analytical method was chosen because it suited the study's goal. The study population included physical education teachers and instructors in public schools in Mosul, totaling 827 individuals—583 male and female teachers and 244 instructors.

The study sample was randomly selected, including 233 individuals, representing 28% of both genders in the study population. The researchers used source analysis, questionnaires, and personal interviews. A questionnaire was created to evaluate the supervisory skills of educational supervisors from the perspective of physical education teachers. The final version of the questionnaire had 67 items spread across nine competencies. After confirming the scientific validity and reliability of the questionnaire, it was distributed to the sample.

The main findings of the study showed that there were no statistically significant differences between physical education teachers and instructors in their assessment of the extent to which educational supervisors and specialists exhibited supervisory competencies. This was regardless of variables such as academic qualification (diploma, bachelor’s, or postgraduate degrees) or years of service (less than 5 years, 5–10 years, or more than 10 years).

A Comparative Study of Psychosocial Rebellion Between Students Who Practice and Those Who Do Not Practice Sports Activities in the Colleges of the University of Mosul

Mahmood Mutar Ali Albadrani, Sabhan Younis Sultan, Omar Hazim Basheer Altaee — Fri, 24 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The study aimed to measure the degree of psychosocial rebellion among students who practice and those who do not practice sports activities in the colleges of the University of Mosul, and to identify the differences in the level of psychosocial rebellion between the two groups.

The researcher used the descriptive method with a survey approach. The research population consisted of students practicing and not practicing sports activities in the colleges of the University of Mosul for the academic year 2023–2024, totaling 1,222 students distributed across 24 colleges. The College of Education for Women was excluded due to its all-female student body, and the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences was excluded because it is a specialized college.

The Psychosocial Rebellion Scale prepared by Abd Al-Ahad (2005), College of Education, University of Mosul, was used as the data collection instrument. The statistical tools included: the mean, standard deviation, Pearson’s simple correlation coefficient, t-test for independent and single samples, the hypothetical mean of the scale, and the percentage.

The researcher reached the following conclusions:

In general, students of the University of Mosul—both practitioners and non-practitioners—enjoy a positive level of psychosocial rebellion, which is beneficial and positively reflected in their academic performance. It motivates them to adhere to college regulations, participate regularly in sports activities, respect others, and cooperate among themselves, leading to success in both their academic and athletic lives.

There are no significant differences in psychosocial rebellion between practicing and non-practicing students in the colleges of the University of Mosul.

The Ideal Organizational Environment in Colleges of Physical Education and Sports Sciences from the Perspective of Their Students

Hayder Hasan Alasadi — Fri, 24 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study aimed to develop and apply a scale to measure the current reality of the ideal organizational environment in colleges of physical education and sports sciences from the perspective of their students, and to identify the existing state of this environment as perceived by the students.

The researcher used the descriptive survey method because it fits the nature of the study problem. The study population included students from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Al-Mustansiriyah University, totaling 300 individuals. The sample was divided into several groups. The researcher then created a questionnaire for the scale to identify valid statements, which consisted of 30 items.

The Likert method was used to create the questionnaire, employing a five-point scale to show the degree of agreement with each statement: Always, Often, Sometimes, Rarely, Never.

A pilot study was conducted ahead of the main application with a sample of 20 students on January 22, 2025, to ensure proper conditions during the main test. The scale was then used on a construction sample of 150 students from February 3 to March 2, 2025. Following this, the scale was administered to the main study sample, which included 100 instructors, from March 11 to April 2, 2025. The results were statistically analyzed and discussed.

Evaluating the Relationships of Heads of Sports Talent Care Departments in Iraq with Their Employees

Hassan Nashwan Ghanem Al-Wattar, Oday Ghanem Al-Kawaz — Fri, 24 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The study aimed to develop a questionnaire to assess the relationships between department heads and their employees and to determine the level of these relationships among the heads of sports talent care departments in Iraq across various dimensions. The research sample included employees working in sports talent care departments in Iraq. The researchers used a descriptive, survey-based approach, as it suited the nature and population of the study. The data collection took place from January 2, 2025, to February 2, 2025, at the department’s headquarters.

The researchers found that heads of sports talent care departments enjoy a high level of trust from their employees, reflecting strong professional relationships. The support and cooperation from the heads were also found to be substantial, fostering a participatory work environment. The results showed effective communication that enhances interaction quality and facilitates information exchange.

Regarding professional development, the departments generally provide a supportive environment, although some aspects are at a moderate level, indicating room for growth. The findings also showed a high level of appreciation and empathy, reflecting positive human relations.

The study advised maintaining current trust levels through supportive leadership and strengthening a culture of cooperation with workshops and joint committees. It also recommended developing communication channels like regular meetings and email exchanges. Additionally, it suggested creating a realistic annual training plan, motivating employees, and promoting appreciation through flexible policies and morale-building initiatives, such as the “Employee of the Month” program.

The Effect of Using Reverse Learning in Acquiring Technical Performance and Achievement in the Long Jump Event

Brwa Hussein Mohammed Ameen — Fri, 24 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The importance of this study lies in understanding how reverse learning affects the process of acquiring and achieving performance in the long jump among college students efficiently, saving time and effort. It also aims to highlight its positive impact on reaching desired learning outcomes and improving students’ performance levels within the college environment.

Therefore, using alternative (new) teaching methods is seen as the best way to move away from traditional approaches. Accordingly, the researcher decided to study the impact of the reverse learning method on students' learning and achievement in the long jump, aiming to find an effective teaching approach that helps instructors reach their educational goals efficiently and effectively.

The study aimed to:

Examine the impact of using reverse learning and traditional methods on students' acquisition and achievement in the long jump event.

The researcher employed the experimental method. The study sample included 36 students, divided into two groups: 18 students in the experimental group, which used the reverse learning method, and 18 students in the control group, which used the traditional method. The sample was selected through simple random sampling (lottery method). The participants were matched based on age, height, and weight. The program lasted for seven weeks, with two sessions per week for each group, aligned with their respective learning methods. Each session was 90 minutes long. The researcher utilized several statistical tools that helped achieve the study's objectives.

The researcher reached the following main conclusions:

Both teaching methods had a positive and effective impact on learning the long jump event.
The reverse learning method outperformed the traditional method in learning the long jump event.

The reverse learning method outperformed the traditional method in performance achievement in the long jump event

The Reality of Activating School Sports Activities from the Perspective of the Educational Supervisor and the Specialist in Mosul Schools

Iethar Abdul Karim Almi’emari, Saad Yaseen Saeed, Dhiaa Zaki Ibrahim — Fri, 24 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study aims to explore the perspectives of both the educational supervisor and the subject specialist regarding the reality of implementing school sports activities in Mosul schools. This is examined through three dimensions:

The role of school administration in promoting school sports activities.

The role of the physical education teacher in promoting school sports activities.

The administrative and financial barriers preventing the start of school sports activities.

Methodology:

The researchers used the descriptive–analytical method. The study sample included 62 supervisors (educational and subject specialists) working in the Nineveh Directorate of Education. The researchers developed a questionnaire that covered three main areas: the role of school administration, the role of physical education teachers, and the administrative and financial obstacles to activating school sports activities. The questionnaire featured 23 items and was based on a four-point Likert scale. After confirming the validity and reliability of the questionnaire, it was distributed to the study participants.

Findings:

Through this analysis, the researchers concluded the following:

The school administration's role in supporting the necessary requirements to activate school sports activities is weak.

Physical education teachers are essential in promoting school sports activities.

There is a shortage of sufficient financial and human resources needed to support school sports activities effectively.

Many schools lack playgrounds for sports and sufficient sports equipment and tools.

The Effect of Hypoxia Training Using an Altitude Mask on Certain Biochemical Variables in Young Football Players

Ameer Talal Wadee’a, Ahmed Abdulghani Taha Aldabbagh — Fri, 24 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The study aims to:
Investigate the effect of hypoxia training using an altitude training mask on certain biochemical variables in a sample of young football players.

To achieve the study objectives, the researcher formulated the following hypothesis:
There are no statistically significant differences in the effect of hypoxia training using an altitude training mask on certain biochemical variables in a sample of young football players.

The researcher employed the experimental method as it suited the nature of the study. The study population and sample consisted of players from the Qaraqosh Football Club, aged between 16 and 19 years, with a total of 16 players. The sample was deliberately selected and divided into two groups: a control group and an experimental group, with eight players in each group.

Hypoxia-based training exercises were prepared for the experimental group. The training program lasted for nine weeks, with four training sessions per week. The exercises were conducted during the period from June 4, 2022, to August 4, 2022.

The data were statistically processed using the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, skewness, F-value, and Eta squared.

The researcher concluded the following:

Training under hypoxic conditions using an altitude mask had a positive effect on blood lactate levels during physical exertion. However, the hypoxic training program did not lead to an improvement in red blood cell count.

Training under hypoxic conditions using an altitude mask had a greater positive effect on blood lactate levels compared to traditional training methods

The Role of Sports Marketing in Developing Sports Activities at Soran University

Azah Kameran Ahmed — Fri, 24 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study aims to develop the available sports capacities at Soran University and to identify the importance of marketing in colleges of physical education. The research was conducted on 31 faculty members from the College of Physical Education at Soran University, who were intentionally selected to represent the study population. The selection was based on specific research variables, including position, years of experience, and academic qualifications.

The validity of the study was statistically verified using SPSS software. The results indicated that the overall level of sports marketing's role in developing sports activities at Soran University was very high, despite issues such as a lack of funding, weak planning, and the absence of qualified personnel. However, statistical analyses revealed no statistically significant differences regarding the role of marketing. The reliability and validity of the questionnaire were confirmed using Pearson correlation coefficients, the extreme groups method, and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, which confirmed its effectiveness as a measurement tool.

Scientifically, this study contributes to understanding the dynamics of sports marketing within the local context, focusing on the economic and administrative challenges facing sports activities at Soran University. The research addresses the vital role that sports marketing plays in enhancing the performance and sustainability of sports activities at Soran University. With the increasing professional and commercial nature of sports, marketing has become a vital function of modern sports institutions. This study reviews the challenges facing sports marketing at the university level and proposes strategic solutions to leverage marketing in support of and development within the sports sector.

The research problem lies in the university’s heavy dependence on government funding, which limits its ability to support and expand sports programs. There is also a clear gap in the existence of strategic marketing plans, weak private sector participation, and poor utilization of internal resources. The researcher believes that without adopting effective marketing practices and diversifying funding sources, the university’s sports sector will remain unable to grow and compete.