https://rsprs.uomosul.edu.iq/index.php/rsprs/issue/feed 2025-10-01T12:44:01+00:00 Dr.Hashim Ahmad Suliman [email protected] Open Journal Systems <p data-pm-slice="1 1 []"><strong>Al-Rafidain Journal for Sports Sciences (RJSS) is an open-access, global, and scientific journal, publishing under the license of Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY). The College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Mosul University (Mosul, Iraq), has published this journal twice a year since January 1995. The iThEnticate program is used to prevent impersonation and ensure the authenticity of the search. The double-blind resident review system is also used to ensure the quality of the publication. Al-Rafidain Journal for Sports Sciences (RJSS) publishes original research, review research, and case reports in various fields of physical education and sports science. The research publication fee for Al-Rafidain Journal for Sports Sciences is only $100. Al-Rafidain Journal for Sports Sciences receives no material support from governmental or non-governmental organizations.</strong></p> https://rsprs.uomosul.edu.iq/index.php/rsprs/article/view/50681 2025-10-01T12:43:35+00:00 Hersh Yousif Hamad Ameen [email protected] Falih Ja’az Alqaisi - Dlnia Hussien Rasool -

<![CDATA[The study aims to develop a scale by identifying the role of school principals in practicing sports activities from the perspective of physical education teachers in schools under the General Directorate of Education in Erbil.The researchers used the descriptive survey method as it was suitable for the nature of the study. The total study population included all physical education teachers from the Erbil Directorate of Education, both in the city center and surrounding areas. The participants were selected using a comprehensive census approach, totaling 845 physical education teachers for the academic year 2023-2024.The construction sample consisted of 402 teachers, representing 47.57% of the population. Additionally, the researchers selected an exploratory sample of 20 teachers (2.37%), while the application sample included 389 teachers (46.04%). In total, the three study samples comprised 811 teachers, accounting for 95.98% of the study population. The remaining 34 teachers (4.03%) did not respond or their responses were inaccurate.To achieve the study objectives, the researchers built the scale using the construction sample and conducted all necessary scientific validations, including validity, reliability, and objectivity. The final version of the scale consisted of 31 items distributed across three main dimensions:Administrative and financial capabilities (11 items)Supervision of physical education classes (10 items)Health and social care (10 items)The response options were divided into five levels: Always, Often, Sometimes, Rarely, and Never, assigned weights of 5, 4, 3, 2, and 1 respectively. The total maximum score on the scale was 155, while the minimum score was 31.The researchers reached the following conclusions:The developed scale is valid for assessing the role of school principals in practicing school sports activities across three dimensions: administrative and financial capabilities, supervision of physical education classes, and health and social care.All three dimensions of the scale demonstrated a high level of performance.The administrative and financial capabilities dimension ranked first, followed by health and social care in second place, and supervision of physical education classes in third place]]>

2025-04-01T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) https://rsprs.uomosul.edu.iq/index.php/rsprs/article/view/50692 2025-10-01T12:44:01+00:00 Raheeq Matti Abdulmaseeh [email protected] Odeed Odisho Assi -

<![CDATA[The current study aims to identify the level of the Big Five personality traits among female students in colleges and departments of physical education and sports sciences, as well as the significance of differences in these traits based on the variables of province and age. After verifying its psychometric properties, the study adopted a descriptive survey methodology and used Costa and McCraes Big Five personality scale. The study population included second-year female students in physical education colleges and departments at universities in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, totaling 138 students during the 2021-2022 academic year. The sample, selected purposefully, consisted of 121 students.After statistical analysis using SPSS, the results showed that the level of the Big Five personality traits among female students in universities in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq was high, except for the neuroticism trait, which was at a moderate level. The findings indicated significant differences in the extraversion trait related to the province variable and a significant difference in conscientiousness linked to the ag]]>

2025-04-01T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) https://rsprs.uomosul.edu.iq/index.php/rsprs/article/view/50691 2025-10-01T12:43:59+00:00 Ameer Talal Wadeea [email protected] Ahmed Abdulghani Al- Dabaagh -

<![CDATA[Study Aims to: Revealing the effect of hypoxic training exercises using an altitude training mask on some lung functions during physical exertion in a sample of young soccer players.To achieve the study objectives, the researcher hypothesized the following:There are no significant differences in the effect of hypoxic training exercises using an altitude training mask on some lung functions during physical exertion in a sample of young soccer players.Some biochemical variables in a sample of young soccer players.The researcher used the experimental method for its suitability to the nature of the research. The study sample and population consisted of the players of Qaraqosh Sports Club for soccer, aged 16-19 years, totaling 16 players. The sample was intentionally selected and divided into two groups, a control group and an experimental group, with 8 players in each group.Hypoxic training exercises were prepared for the experimental group, and the training sessions were conducted over 9 weeks, with four training units per week. These sessions were carried out from June 4, 2022, to August 4, 2022.Data were statistically processed using the mean, standard deviation, skewness rate, F-value, and Eta squared.The researcher concluded the following:Hypoxic training exercises using an altitude training mask had a positive effect on lung functions during physical exertion.Hypoxic training exercises using an altitude training mask had a greater positive effect on lung functions during physical exertion compared to traditional training methods]]>

2025-04-01T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) https://rsprs.uomosul.edu.iq/index.php/rsprs/article/view/50690 2025-10-01T12:43:56+00:00 Nabhan Fazea Alugaidi [email protected] Mahmood Hamdoon Alhiali -

<![CDATA[The study aimed to investigate:The differences in a number of physical variables among the players of the first experimental group, which used the low-pressure method, between the pre-test and post-test.The differences in a number of physical variables among the players of the second experimental group, which used the balanced-pressure method, between the pre-test and post-test.The differences in a number of physical variables among the players of the third experimental group, which used the high-pressure method, between the pre-test and post-test.The differences in a number of physical variables among the three experimental groups in the post-test.The researchers used the experimental method as it is suitable for the nature of the study problem.The researchers have several conclusions, the most important of which are:The three pressure methods implemented by the first, second, and third groups led to significant improvements in the physical variables of futsal players when comparing the pre-and post-tests.The low-pressure method implemented by the first group showed superiority over the second group (which used the balanced-pressure method) and the third group (which used the high-pressure method) when comparing the three study groups in the post-test in terms of (explosive strength of the leg muscles, speed-strength of the leg muscles).The balanced-pressure method implemented by the second group showed superiority over the first group (which used the low-pressure method) when comparing the two groups in the post-test in terms of (general aerobic endurance).The high-pressure method implemented by the third group showed superiority over the first group (which used the low-pressure method) and the second group (which used the balanced-pressure method) when comparing the three study groups in the post-test in terms of (maximum sprinting speed, general aerobic endurance).The researchers made several recommendations:Emphasizing to futsal coaches the use of the low-pressure method in training youth futsal players due to its effectiveness in developing physical variables (explosive strength of the leg muscles, speed-strength of the leg muscles).Emphasizing to futsal coaches the use of the high-pressure method in training youth futsal players due to its effectiveness in developing physical variables (maximum sprinting speed, general aerobic endurance).Conducting similar studies on other team sports.The researchers concluded that the self-reinforcement sports program they developed had a noticeable impact on changing the level of free will among preparatory school students.They recommend that the Nineveh Directorate of Education and school administrations pay attention to the psychological and social aspects that affect student behavior by reinforcing positive behavior and supporting students' freedom of choice through self-reinforcement sports programs.]]>

2025-04-01T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) https://rsprs.uomosul.edu.iq/index.php/rsprs/article/view/50689 2025-10-01T12:43:54+00:00 Rabee Muhammad Sulaiman [email protected] Mohammed Mahdi Ombarak - Alan Naif Nabi -

<![CDATA[Study Objective:The study explores the impact of the (4H) strategy on developing systemic thinking and acquiring the performance art of javelin throw effectiveness. To achieve the study's objectives, the researchers followed the experimental methodology.Study Population and Sample:The study population consisted of 118 first-year students from the Faculty and Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Zakho and Duhok Universities for the 2023/2024 academic year. The study sample was divided into:Construction Sample: Selected intentionally, consisting of two sections of first-year students from the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Duhok University.Application Sample: Also selected intentionally, representing the final application sample, consisting of two sections of first-year students from Zakho University, Faculty of Education, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences.Study tools:To achieve the study's objectives, the researchers developed a systemic thinking scale for javelin throw effectiveness within the track and field subject, consisting of four dimensions, each comprising several questions, with every question including multiple items. The researchers ensured the scientific validity of the test by verifying its reliability, accuracy, and objectivity.Additionally, the researchers utilized a performance evaluation form prepared by Al-Hayali (2012), which had been standardized for the same study population to assess skill performance in javelin throw effectiveness.Implementation:For conducting the study experiment, the researchers prepared the educational requirements, including daily instructional plans. The experiment was carried out over five weeks, with two educational sessions per week, each lasting 90 minutes.Data Analysis:To extract results, the researchers used the SPSS statistical package to analyze the data, employing statistical methods such as:Mean, Standard Deviation, Percentage, Independent Sample T-test, Pearsons Correlation Coefficient, and Cronbachs Alpha Coefficient.Findings:The study concluded that the (4H) strategy effectively develops systemic thinking and enhances the performance art of javelin throw among first-year students in the Faculty and Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences.]]>

2025-04-01T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) https://rsprs.uomosul.edu.iq/index.php/rsprs/article/view/50688 2025-10-01T12:43:51+00:00 Yahya Aaed Yahya [email protected] saad nafae aldulimi -

<![CDATA[The study aims to identify the values of several bio-kinematic variables of the striking arm in the semi-high serve of the squash game and to understand the relationship between these variables and accuracy. The study problem lies in understanding the good mechanism for performing the semi-high serve skill in squash by recognizing the bio-kinematic variables that affect the technical performance accuracy of the skill to achieve high skill performance. The purpose of the semi-high serve skill is highlighted.The researchers used a descriptive method suitable for the nature of the research. The study population consisted of the national team players, totaling five who were deliberately selected as the study sample. The researchers utilized scientific observation and video recording using three cameras: two (Casio) and one (JVC). The first Casio camera was placed beside the player at a distance of 4.47 meters and a height of 1.35 meters from the ground to extract the coordinates for each player on the (Y, X) axes at a recording speed of 480 frames per second. The second Casio camera was positioned in front of the player at a distance of 5.88 meters and a height of 1.35 meters, also recording at 480 frames per second, to obtain the coordinates for each player on the (Z) axis. The JVC camera was used to obtain player coordinates in case any part of the body movement was not covered by one of the cameras and to assist in illustrating the movement for drawing purposes. The recordings took place in the squash halls of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Baghdad.The researchers employed statistical means, including the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, and (T) test.The researchers concluded the following:There is a significant correlation between the displacement of the wrist's center of mass in the main phase on the axes (path, R, X) with the accuracy of the semi-high serve.Emphasis on the importance of the wrist during performance stages, especially the main phase, being the most crucial.Focus on the displacement of the back and front swings and the correct kinetic transfer of the body and arm, ensuring proper kinetic flow during the semi-high serve in squash]]>

2025-04-01T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) https://rsprs.uomosul.edu.iq/index.php/rsprs/article/view/50687 2025-10-01T12:43:48+00:00 Amjad Hatem Ahmad [email protected]

<![CDATA[The primary function of antioxidants is to prevent cellular oxidation, which leads to the production of free radicals. Free radicals are atoms that have lost an electron, making them chemically unbalanced or extremely unstable. In their quest to regain balance, they react with other compounds, breaking their structurethese compounds include cell components, leading to damage, destruction, and deterioration. However, by divine design, antioxidants provide the free electrons that these dangerous free radicals seek, neutralizing them. Antioxidants are found in plants, vegetables, and other natural sources. (Kostaropoulos et al., 2006, 611-616)Scientific studies on the effects of high, moderate, and low-intensity swimming exercises on blood antioxidants remain limited and relatively recent. Studies have shown that such exercises lead to the formation of free radicals due to oxygen consumption (O). Simultaneously, the body produces the necessary antioxidants to counteract these radicals.One study by Kostaropoulos et al. (2006) aimed to compare adaptive responses in antioxidant mechanisms and oxidative stress in the blood of long-distance and short-distance runners. (Kostaropoulos et al., 2006, 611-616)Another study by Pu-his et al. (2004) titled "Changes in Blood Lipid Peroxidation After a Single Session of Intense Exercise" aimed to examine the changes in lipid peroxidation and blood antioxidants after different exercise intensities.Based on previous research, the current study examines the impact of swimming at two different intensities on certain antioxidants as they reflect free radical activity, which negatively affects individual health. Free radicals pose an imperceptible challenge to athletes worldwide, whether in endurance-based activities (aerobic effort) or short-duration, high-intensity activities (anaerobic effort).A review of existing studies show that most studies have focused on oxidative and antioxidant responses to continuous aerobic exertion in various sports. However, studies on antioxidant responses to both aerobic and anaerobic effort in a water-based environment are scarce. This gap led to the current study, which investigates the response of certain antioxidants to two different intensities (aerobic and anaerobic) in swimming.Study Objectives and FindingsThe study aimed to identify the differences in specific antioxidants following 50-meter and 400-meter freestyle swimming. The researcher hypothesized that there would be significant differences in antioxidant levels after these swimming efforts.The study employed statistical tools such as mean, standard deviation, paired t-test, and SPSS v11 for data analysis.The results indicated:A higher increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels after the 50-meter freestyle compared to the 400-meter freestyle.A greater decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels after the 50-meter freestyle compared to the 400-meter freestyle.An increase in catalase levels after the 50-meter freestyle but a decrease following the 400-meter freestyle.RecommendationsThe researcher recommended consuming certain supplements during athletic training to reduce the harmful effects of free radical accumulation. These include fenugreek, ginger, red pepper, pomegranate juice, and grapes, among others.Additionally, further studies should explore:The recovery of enzymatic antioxidants after exertion.The effects of aerobic and anaerobic effort on athletes after administering specific antioxidants (e.g., vitamins) to assess their impact on lipid peroxidation and other antioxidants]]>

2025-04-01T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) https://rsprs.uomosul.edu.iq/index.php/rsprs/article/view/50686 2025-10-01T12:43:46+00:00 Azah Kmiran Ahmed [email protected] Nesreen abdaulla armanazi - Marwa Farghaly Gaber -

<![CDATA[This study aims to explore the nature of insurance against sports injuries and field risks for young players in Saudi Arabia. Researchers employed the descriptive survey method and designed a questionnaire to investigate the legal conditions related to sports injuries, the risks leading to such injuries, and the legal nature of insurance contracts in the sports sector. After validating the questionnaire for reliability and accuracy, it was applied to a study sample.The findings highlighted several important aspects, including:Legal conditions for sports injuries, which specify that the injury must originate from sports activities related to the player's specific sport.Classification of risks leading to sports injuries, categorized into risks related to the player, sports facilities, training process, and climatic fluctuations.Legal conditions for signing insurance contracts, emphasizing the need for specialized models for insuring athletes]]>

2025-04-01T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) https://rsprs.uomosul.edu.iq/index.php/rsprs/article/view/50685 2025-10-01T12:43:44+00:00 Mohammed AbdAlsalam Alsofarje [email protected]

<![CDATA[This study aimed to identify the relationship between mindfulness and strategic thinking among first-division football players. The study er hypothesized that there are statistically significant differences between mindfulness and strategic thinking in the attacking third among players in the Iraqi First Division Football League.The study er used the descriptive method with a survey approach due to its appropriateness to the nature of the study. The study population consisted of players from the First Division League who qualified for the Iraqi Premier League for the 20242025 football season. The sample included players from seven clubs: Naft Al-Shamal, Baladiyat Al-Mosul, Al-Falluja, Samarra, Al-Alam, Al-Sufiyah, and Al-Amwaj Al-Mawsili, totaling 124 players.Data was collected using two scales: the Mindfulness Scale and the Strategic Thinking Scale. These tools were reviewed by a group of experts and specialists to ensure their scientific validity before being applied to the study sample. The study er used SPSS to conduct statistical analyses, including percentage, arithmetic mean, standard deviation, hypothetical mean, Cronbachs alpha for reliability, one-sample t-test, and Pearsons simple correlation coefficient.Based on the findings, the study er concluded that there are statistically significant differences between mindfulness and strategic thinking among First Division football players. The researcher recommends applying the mindfulness and strategic thinking scales to other groups not included in the current study to identify these variables among them.]]>

2025-04-01T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) https://rsprs.uomosul.edu.iq/index.php/rsprs/article/view/50684 2025-10-01T12:43:41+00:00 Shahad Jasim Alshrabe [email protected] Zainab Mustafa Thannoon [email protected]

<![CDATA[The importance of the study lies in studying a number of biomechanical variables that help find appropriate solutions to avoid weaknesses during the shooting-on-the-move process for futsal players. This is achieved by linking them to accurate shooting tests for study purposes. Accordingly, the study aimed to:Identify the values of several biomechanical variables for the skill of shooting on the move with the instep from a distance of 10 meters for futsal players.Identify the accuracy values for the skill of shooting on the move with the instep from a distance of 10 meters for futsal players.Identify the relationship between a number of biomechanical variables for the skill of shooting on the move with the instep from a distance of 10 meters and accuracy among futsal players.Therefore, the study hypothesized that:There is a statistically significant correlation between a number of biomechanical variables related to the skill of shooting on the move with the instep from a distance of 10 meters and accuracy among futsal players.The two researchers conducted their experiment on a group of players who possess the skill of shooting with the right foot. The study population consisted of 10 players from the University of Mosul futsal team. Two of them were excluded for using their left foot, leaving a study sample of 8 players proficient in shooting with the right foot.The researchers conducted an accuracy test for shooting on the move using the instep. They processed the extracted data through biomechanical analysis and statistical treatment to determine the relationship among these variables. The researchers used several methods for data processing, including:Arithmetic meanStandard deviationCoefficient of variationPercentagePearson correlation coefficientThe researchers concluded the following:There is a statistically significant correlation between several body angle variables at the moment of impact and the accuracy of shooting on the move with the instep from a distance of 10 meters for futsal players.There is a statistically significant correlation between several body angle variables during the kicking phase and the accuracy of shooting on the move with the instep from a distance of 10 meters for futsal players.There is a statistically significant correlation between several biomechanical variables (time, angular difference of the kicking leg, peripheral velocity of the kicking leg, and the ball launch angle) during the main phase of shooting on the move with the instep from a distance of 10 meters and accuracy among futsal players.The researchers recommended the following:Emphasize the utilization of variables that showed a positive impact on shooting on the move.Develop training programs focused on shooting on the move to enhance shooting with the instep, due to the power involved in this type of shot, which reduces the goalkeepers ability to block the ball.Emphasize the importance of shooting accuracy for players of the University of Mosul futsal team and encourage targeting areas that are more difficult for the opposing goalkeeper to reach.]]>

2025-04-01T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) https://rsprs.uomosul.edu.iq/index.php/rsprs/article/view/50683 2025-10-01T12:43:39+00:00 Abdul-Jabbar Abdul Razzaq Al-Hasso - Asghar fadhil Alhamoka [email protected]

<![CDATA[Study Aims to:investigate the effect of special endurance training using the production method on a number of physical variables among youth soccer players. The researchers used the experimental method due to its suitability to the nature of the research. The study sample consisted of players from the (Bazoaya) Sports Club for youth soccer, totaling (35) players. The sample was divided into three experimental groups through random selection using a lottery method, with (10) players in each group. Players who participated in the pilot study, totaling (5) players, were excluded. Pre-tests were conducted for the groups, followed by the application of the training content, which lasted (8) weeks with (3) training sessions per week, and then post-tests were conducted. The data were statistically processed using the (SPSS) program. The researchers concluded that the production method training conducted by the first experimental group had a positive effect on strength endurance as opposed to speed endurance, while the maintenance group did not show development in strength endurance and speed endurance. The mixed-method group showed development in both strength endurance and speed endurance. The researchers recommend including special endurance training using the production and mixed methods in training programs based on the results achieved]]>

2025-04-01T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) https://rsprs.uomosul.edu.iq/index.php/rsprs/article/view/50682 2025-10-01T12:43:37+00:00 Khalid Mohmmed Sha’aban [email protected]

<![CDATA[The study aims to explore:Differences in the results of the pre-test and post-test between the experimental and control groups in learning the tucked backward dismount skill on parallel bars of varying heights in gymnastics.Differences in the results of the two post-tests between the experimental and control groups in learning the tucked backward dismount skill on parallel bars of varying heights in gymnastics.Differences between the post-test and the retention test for the experimental and control groups in the tucked backward dismount skill on parallel bars of varying heights in gymnastics.Methodology: The researcher used the experimental method due to its suitability for the nature and problem of the study. The study population consisted of athletes from the "Creative Kids" training center in 2022. The study sample included 12 female athletes, divided into two groups: experimental and control. Equivalence between the groups was established. The researchers relied on personal interviews, tests, and scales as tools for data collection, using mean, standard deviation, percentage, and t-tests for related and unrelated samples.Findings: The experimental group demonstrated better learning outcomes for the skill compared to the control group.Recommendations: The researcher emphasized the importance of using video feedback in learning other gymnastics skills due to its positive impact on acquiring motor skills on parallel bars of varying heights.]]>

2025-04-01T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) https://rsprs.uomosul.edu.iq/index.php/rsprs/article/view/50669 2025-10-01T12:43:10+00:00 Zaid Abd alsattar Alazawi [email protected]

<![CDATA[The study aimed to develop a test for the accuracy of heading the ball from a jump and to analyze certain biomechanical variables to identify common errors made by players while performing this skill inside the 18-yard box. Observations from clubs in Nineveh Governorate indicated a weakness in heading skills, even though in football, this skill is crucial for finishing attacks and executing corner kicks. Modern attacking tactics used by some coaches rely on crosses, which often confuse the defensive line. Successfully dealing with these crosses typically requires jumping headers, allowing the player to rise higher than defenders and accurately direct the ball toward the goal. This involves selecting the right target area based on the goalkeepers position and aiming for the far side of the goal, away from the keeper.The researcher identified the study population as the five football clubs in Nineveh Governorate, comprising 75 players. The test was developed and implemented with this group, and the eight best-performing players were selected for video recording and analysis during the execution of the test. Video footage was captured at 120 frames per second to analyse and extract biomechanical variables, obtain data, and statistically process the results.]]>

2025-04-01T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) https://rsprs.uomosul.edu.iq/index.php/rsprs/article/view/50680 2025-10-01T12:43:33+00:00 Sabhan Younis Alhayali [email protected]

<![CDATA[The study aimed to develop a rehabilitation program using the Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) device along with rehabilitation exercises for individuals with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears following surgical intervention. The researcher used the experimental method with a one-group design involving pre-and post-tests. The study population was intentionally selected and consisted of five individuals with ACL tears who were undergoing treatment at the Mosul Centre for Rehabilitation and Physical Therapy in Mosul over six months. Scientific principles regarding exercise intensity were taken into consideration, and the statistical results were analyzed. The program was applied to the study sample, and exercises were consistently accompanied by the use of a muscle stimulation device.The researcher reached the following conclusions:The results showed statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-tests for the experimental group, in favor of the post-test results, indicating successful rehabilitation of ACL-injured individuals. There was a noticeable increase in the range of motion (ROM) of the knee joint, which had been limited due to the injury. Additionally, participants reported a decrease in pain levels, which suggests that the therapeutic exercises were effective.The researcher recommends the use of the TENS device by physical therapy departments in sports medicine centers due to its effectiveness in improving the strength of muscles acting on the knee joint]]>

2025-04-01T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) https://rsprs.uomosul.edu.iq/index.php/rsprs/article/view/50679 2025-10-01T12:43:31+00:00 chyavan mohammed almufti [email protected] Ahmed Abdulghani Taha -

<![CDATA[Background: Inspiratory muscle training (IMT) put an extra load on the diaphragm, being an accessory to the inspiratory muscles, to improve their strength. Objective: the objective of this study was to determine the effect of an eight-week inspiratory training program (IMT) on respiratory muscle strength in the second-year male students from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. Methods: The experimental research design consist of pre- and post-tests over a duration of eight weeks. Twenty participants were selected at random and divided into either the experimental group which received IMT training program for inspiratory muscles, or the control group, which maintained with their daily routine. ANCOVA tests were utilized to process interference of post-tests statistically and to decrease effect of pre-test as covariate. Results: The results showed that inspiratory muscles training had a significant impact on respiratory muscle strength. Conclusion: An eight-week of IMT have the positive effect on improving respiratory muscle strength.]]>

2025-04-01T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) https://rsprs.uomosul.edu.iq/index.php/rsprs/article/view/50678 2025-10-01T12:43:29+00:00 Aws Basim Bdaiwi - ameer jaber mushref - jasim nafi hummadi [email protected]

<![CDATA[The study aims to explore the impact of educational units using modeling and interactive video on learning the movement sequence on the floor exercise apparatus in artistic gymnastics for students. Researchers hypothesized that there would be a positive effect of these educational units, as reflected in the differences between pre- and post-test results for the two experimental groups. Additionally, they expected the group using interactive video to outperform the group using modeling.The study employed an experimental approach with two equal-sized experimental groups. The study sample consisted of 68 second-year students from the College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences at the University of Anbar during the 2023-2024 academic year. The educational units were implemented from Tuesday, October 10, 2023, to Tuesday, November 28, 2023, with a total of 16 sessions8 for each groupconducted once per week over eight weeks.After completing the experiment, conducting post-tests, and statistically analyzing the data using appropriate methods, the researchers concluded that both modeling and interactive video had a significant impact on learning the movement sequence. Furthermore, the experimental group using interactive video showed greater improvement compared to the group using modeling.]]>

2025-04-01T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) https://rsprs.uomosul.edu.iq/index.php/rsprs/article/view/50677 2025-10-01T12:43:27+00:00 Nashwan Mohmmed Alobaidy [email protected] Nadhim Shaker Al-Wattar -

<![CDATA[The study aims to identify the level of free will among preparatory school students on the left side of Mosul District Center and examine the effectiveness of using a self-reinforcement sports program in the pre-and post-tests on the free will of the experimental group.The researchers hypothesized that there would be statistically significant differences in the degree of free will between the pre-test and post-test for the experimental group. They also hypothesized significant differences in the post-test results between the two study groups on the free will scale in favor of the experimental group.The researchers used the experimental method due to its suitability for the nature of the research. The study sample consisted of fourth-grade preparatory students from Al-Siddiq Preparatory School for Boys in Nineveh Governorate for the academic year (20222023), totaling (50) students, divided equally into two groups: one experimental and the other control, with (25) students in each group.The researchers used a free will scale they developed for this purpose, consisting of (38) items. They also used a self-reinforcement sports program composed of (11) sessions, with one session per week, although in some weeks two sessions were conducted. Each session lasted (40) minutes. Both study groups were matched in terms of their scores on the free will scale.To arrive at the study results, the researchers used the SPSS statistical package, employing the following statistical tools: (arithmetic mean, standard deviation, Pearson correlation coefficient, t-test for independent samples, one-sample t-test, paired samples t-test, and Cronbach's alpha formula).The researchers concluded that the self-reinforcement sports program they developed had a noticeable impact on changing the level of free will among preparatory school students.They recommend that the Nineveh Directorate of Education and school administrations pay attention to the psychological and social aspects that affect student behavior by reinforcing positive behavior and supporting students' freedom of choice through self-reinforcement sports programs]]>

2025-04-01T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) https://rsprs.uomosul.edu.iq/index.php/rsprs/article/view/50676 2025-10-01T12:43:24+00:00 Saman Maghdid Abdullah [email protected] Hashim Ahmed Sulaiman -

<![CDATA[This study is a comparative analysis of aerobic capacity in team sport players versus individual sport athletes using indirect measurements.A total of 28 players from team sports (football or basketball) in Erbil's government clubs were selected. These players, aged 18 to 24 years, had been competing at the club level for over three years. Additionally, 31 athletes from individual sports (tennis, fencing, long-distance running, and taekwondo) were selected. These athletes were aged 18 to 22 years and had participated in local championships.The (VO2 max) values were determined using indirect measurement methods over three different days. On the first day, the Harvard Step Test, the Sharkey Step Test, the Queens College Step Test, and the YMCA Step Test were conducted. On the second day, the YoYo intermittent test was performed, while on the third day, multi-stage fitness tests were carried out. Various equations were used to determine the (VO2 max) values.The results of this study revealed statistically significant differences in the means and standard deviations between team sport players and individual sport athletes. The results of the Harvard Step Test were (48.4214, 5.72987) and (49.2484 6.26104) for team sport players and individual sport athletes, respectively. The Sharkey Step Test results were (50.0286, 5.82166) and (51.6323, 7.50202), while the Queens College Step Test results were (49.7143, 5.95860) and (49.7677, 5.82508). The YMCA Step Test results were (49.8071, 5.12069) and (50.7774, 5.75411).Meanwhile, the Yo-yo test results were (46.3071, 6.09365) and (43.2274, 3.75657), and finally, the MSFT test results were (46.7179, 5.80320) and (42.9516, 3.37934) for team sport players and individual sport athletes, respectively.The findings indicate that the (VO2 max) values are higher in team sport players compared to individual sport athletes. This is because team sport players require greater aerobic capacity levels to sustain their performance.]]>

2025-04-01T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) https://rsprs.uomosul.edu.iq/index.php/rsprs/article/view/50675 2025-10-01T12:43:23+00:00 Ahmad Idrees ALTaee [email protected]

<![CDATA[Study Aims to:Reveal the degree of administrative bullying among the administrations of primary schools in the center of Nineveh Governorate from the perspective of physical education teachers, as observed through their practice of sports activities. The descriptive method was used to achieve the research objectives, and a tool to measure administrative bullying was developed and validated for accuracy and reliability. The study was applied to a sample consisting of 260 teachers. The study showed the presence of administrative bullying at a low level in the dimensions of the scale (planning, organization, communication, execution of sports activities) and a moderate level in the dimension of control. Overall, the degree of administrative bullying was low. The researcher recommends raising awareness among school administrations about the dangers of administrative bullying and its impact on sports achievements and high staff turnover through educational courses]]>

2025-04-01T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) https://rsprs.uomosul.edu.iq/index.php/rsprs/article/view/50674 2025-10-01T12:43:20+00:00 Omar Sameer Hamoo - Safa Mandel Agagg [email protected]

<![CDATA[The study objective is:Developing a Scale for the Quality of E-Learning Performance for Faculty Members of Colleges of Physical Education and Sports Sciences in Iraq.Establishing Normative Levels and Tables for the Scale Measuring the Quality of E-Learning Performance for Faculty Members of Colleges of Physical Education and Sports Sciences in Iraq.Identifying the Level of E-Learning Performance Quality among Faculty Members of Colleges of Physical Education and Sports Sciences in Iraq.The researchers employed the descriptive method using a survey approach, as it suits the nature of the current study. The study population included faculty members from the Colleges of Physical Education and Sports Sciences in Iraqi universities during the academic year 20222023. The total study population consisted of 1,238 faculty members distributed across 18 universities.The construction and application samples included 300 faculty members from the original study population. These were randomly selected and divided into a construction sample and an application sample. The construction sample consisted of 180 faculty members, subdivided into an exploratory trial sample of 12 faculty members from most Iraqi universities and a statistical analysis sample of 168 faculty members.The application sample for the scale of e-learning performance quality included 120 faculty members.The researchers concluded:A scale for assessing the quality of e-learning performance for faculty members of Colleges of Physical Education and Sports Sciences in Iraq was successfully constructed. The scale consists of 40 items.Normative levels and tables for the scale were also established.Faculty members of the Colleges of Physical Education and Sports Sciences in Iraq demonstrated an average level of e-learning performance quality.The researchers recommended:Relying on the developed scale of e-learning performance quality to evaluate the level of faculty members in the mentioned colleges in Iraq, and utilizing the established normative tables and levels.Working to enhance the quality of e-learning performance among faculty members by engaging them in developmental training courses in this field.]]>

2025-04-01T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) https://rsprs.uomosul.edu.iq/index.php/rsprs/article/view/50673 2025-10-01T12:43:18+00:00 rayan khaled Alkhateeb [email protected] Abdalaziz Mahmoud Alakidi -

<![CDATA[The study aims to explore:Identify the differences between the pre-test and post-test results in the cognitive achievement of some basic volleyball skills for the experimental group, which was taught using the learning stations strategy, and the control group, which was taught using the traditional teaching strategy.Identify the differences between the post-test results of the two research groups (experimental and control).The researchers used the experimental design for two equivalent groups with pre-test and post-test measurements. The research population consisted of second-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Mosul for the academic year (2023/2024), totaling 385 students, distributed across 12 sections. The researchers selected sections (H) and (T) as the study sample.The study strategy was applied as follows:The first group (experimental group) consisted of 20 students from section (H) and was taught using the learning stations strategy.The second group (control group) consisted of 20 students from section (T) and was taught using the traditional strategy followed by the instructor.The educational program was implemented over eight weeks, with two 90-minute sessions per week for each group from October 3, 2024, to December 5, 2024.The researchers used statistical methods, including:PercentageArithmetic meanStandard deviationT-test for independent and paired samplesKuder-Richardson formulaFindings:The experimental group, which used the learning stations strategy, outperformed the control group, which followed the traditional teaching strategy, in achieving cognitive acquisition of some basic volleyball skills.]]>

2025-04-01T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) https://rsprs.uomosul.edu.iq/index.php/rsprs/article/view/50672 2025-10-01T12:43:16+00:00 Athamr Iyad Younis [email protected] Nashat Bashir Al Hasawy -

<![CDATA[Study Aims to:identify the relationship between the values of bio-kinematic variables and the values of the response speed of futsal goalkeepers when executing the penalty kick (6 meters) to the right corners of the goal (lower and upper).Hypotheses:There is a significant correlation between some bio-kinematic variable values and the values of the response speed of futsal goalkeepers when executing the penalty kick (6 meters) to the right corners of the goal (lower and upper).Study Procedures:The researchers used the descriptive method as it suits the nature of the research. The study sample was chosen, represented by the goalkeepers of the College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences futsal team, who won first place in the University of Mosul championship for the academic year (2023-2024). The sample consisted of (4) goalkeepers. Data collection methods included (testing and measuring technical scientific observation). The study sample was recorded using two video cameras with speeds of (240 frames/second) and (240 frames/second), each camera having a specific task to capture a particular aspect of the technical performance of the activity. The statistical methods used by the researchers were (mean, standard deviation, percentage, Pearson's simple correlation coefficient).Conclusions:There is a slight variation in the level of significant correlation relationships achieved by the bio-kinematic variables with the response speed during the execution of the penalty kick (6 meters) to the right corners of the goal (lower and upper)]]>

2025-04-01T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) https://rsprs.uomosul.edu.iq/index.php/rsprs/article/view/50671 2025-10-01T12:43:14+00:00 Hussein Ahmed Al Bayati [email protected]

<![CDATA[The study aims to explore:The effect of mental training (direct and indirect) on developing self-efficacy among third-year students.The superiority of the two educational curriculadirect and indirect mental trainingon self-efficacy in the post-test among third-year students.The superiority of the two educational curriculadirect and indirect mental trainingon learning wrestling holds in the post-test among third-year students in freestyle wrestling.Methodology: The researcher used the experimental method, which is suitable for the current study's nature. The research population was selected from third-year students in the College of Basic Education, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Mosul, for the academic year 20222023, totaling 32 students. The research sample included 24 students (75%), divided into two experimental groups, with 12 students in each group.Findings:Both the direct and indirect mental training curricula implemented by the two experimental groups led to significant improvements in self-efficacy.The first experimental group, which applied the indirect mental training approach, outperformed the second group, which followed the direct mental training approach, in the post-test for self-efficacy.The first experimental group also outperformed the second group in the post-test for learning freestyle wrestling holds.Recommendations:The possibility of utilizing the effects of various mental training methods (direct and indirect) alongside the prescribed curriculum to enhance learning freestyle wrestling holds for first-year students in colleges and departments of physical education.The potential to study the combined approach (direct and indirect) of mental training alongside the prescribed curriculum for teaching freestyle wrestling.The potential to apply direct and indirect mental training methods with the prescribed curriculum for teaching other activities across different age groups.The feasibility of studying the impact of direct and indirect mental training methods alongside the curriculum for teaching female students.]]>

2025-04-01T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) https://rsprs.uomosul.edu.iq/index.php/rsprs/article/view/50670 2025-10-01T12:43:12+00:00 Mustafa Mohammed Yousif [email protected] Ethar ِAbdul Kareem Al-Memary [email protected]

<![CDATA[The study aimed to identify the degree of application of physical education teachers in Nineveh Governorate to professional performance standards and to determine whether there were differences in their application based on academic qualification and years of experience. The descriptive approach was used as it suited the study objectives. The study population consisted of physical education teachers in Nineveh Governorate, totaling 631 teachers. A random sample of 230 teachers was selected, representing 36.45% of the population.To collect data, source analysis, and a questionnaire were used. A standards questionnaire was prepared, including 9 standards with 78 items, which underwent scientific validation procedures such as expert validation, internal consistency validity, and structural validity. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed using the split-half method and Cronbachs alpha coefficient. The questionnaire was then distributed to the sample and statistically processed.One of the key findings of the study was that the degree of application of professional performance standards by physical education teachers in Nineveh Governorate was at a moderate level across all criteria. There were no statistically significant differences in application based on academic qualification and years of service across all standards, except for the planning and assessment standards, where teachers with less than five years of experience showed higher application levels.]]>

2025-04-01T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c)