The relationship between selected biomechanical variables and the angular and peripheral velocities of the striking arm during the execution of the jump serve in volleyball
Abstract
This study aimed to identify the values of selected biomechanical variables related to the jump spike serve in volleyball and to examine the relationship between some biomechanical variables and both the angular and linear velocities of the hitting arm. The research employed a descriptive correlational design, suitable for the nature and objectives of the study. The sample consisted of five players representing the University of Mosul volleyball team during the 2024–2025 academic year.
Data collection involved anthropometric measurements, standardized physical tests, and scientific observation. Players’ height and body mass were recorded, and two standardized tests were administered to ensure homogeneity and equivalence among participants: the speed–strength test for the arm muscles and the speed–strength test for the leg muscles. To achieve precise technical observation, digital video recording was used with a high-resolution camera (iPhone 12 Pro Max, 4K, 220 fps) positioned 4.8 meters to the right of the player at a lens height of 1.25 meters, providing a clear view of the hitting arm’s movement during the jump spike serve.
Motion analysis was conducted using Kinovea (0.9.5) software, which enabled the measurement of key biomechanical variables. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS to obtain the mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, simple correlation coefficients, and regression equations associated with the biomechanical variables.
The results indicated a significant positive correlation between arm mass and the linear (peripheral) velocity of the hitting arm, as well as between the arm’s moment of inertia and the linear velocity of the hitting arm during the jump spike serve. These findings provide insights into the biomechanical factors influencing performance in volleyball spike serving, which can inform training programs aimed at optimizing arm movement efficiency and overall serve effectiveness
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
