Regional Studies Journal (RSJ)

The Conditions of Palestinian Refugees in Kuwait (1948-1993)

Hatem Ahmed Owed — 2025-10-02

This study examines the conditions of Palestinian refugees in Kuwait from 1948 to 1993, focusing on the political, economic, and social dimensions of their experience. It explores the initial waves of Palestinian migration following the 1948 Nakba and Kuwait’s reception policies. The research analyzes the legal and administrative frameworks governing Palestinian residency, as well as their employment across various sectors including education, health, and engineering. The study highlights the political activism of Palestinians in Kuwait, particularly during the First Intifada in 1987, and the resulting tensions between the Palestinian community and the Kuwaiti government. Furthermore, it investigates the economic and social challenges faced by Palestinians, including labor market restrictions and social integration issues. The study also considers the indicators of change preceding the 1990 Iraqi invasion of Kuwait and their impact on the Palestinian community. Ultimately, the research provides a comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted experience of Palestinians in Kuwait, shedding light on their resilience amid successes and challenges, and offers insights for future policies addressing refugee communities in the Gulf region.

The Military Activity of French General Henri Giraud 1879 – May 1942

Ayoub A. Mohammad Al-Hajiya — 2025-10-02

The research aims to identify the early stages of General Henri Giraud's life, including his birth and education, his military activity during World War I, and to demonstrate France's colonial control over its North African colonies during the interwar period. It also aims to identify the justifications for France's entry into World War II and its impact on the appointment of General Henri Giraud as Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Allied Supreme Council. The importance of the research lies in identifying the personality of General Henri Giraud and the period in which he played a pivotal military role, during which he had a clear impact on France's reality and political future. This is particularly true from the beginning of his military career, which began with the outbreak of World War I, his participation as a division commander, and his display of remarkable courage, all the way through to his military role during the interwar period. The research relied on descriptive historical research methods, analytical methods, and inductive methods in writing and presenting the ideas and details of the topic. The research structure included three main axes and a conclusion containing the most important conclusions. The first axis addressed the early stages of Henri Giraud's life and his role in World War I (1879–1918). The second axis examined General Henri Giraud's role in the Battle of France and his capture in May 1940. The third axis highlighted General Henri Giraud's escape from captivity and his joining the Vichy government during the period (May 1940–May 1942). The research reached several conclusions, the most important of which is that General Henri Giraud displayed a high patriotic spirit and great courage during his participation in the battles of World War I, and his dedication to defending his country, France, against its German enemies.

The Annexation of the West Bank to Transjordan and its impact on Jordanian-Saudi relations 1948-1950

Abdulrahman Waleed Alqasar — 2025-10-02

The Hashemite kingdom of Jordan has sought since the real desire to Establish a government, Palestine to annex the west bank to its lands, Especially, after supporting the Palestinian opposition to the king Abdulla bin al-Hussein and their desire to join his kingdom under his Throne . Helped many factors f facilitate the task of annexation to garden , Including social and economic growth ,especially after the import and 3 Export operations were subjected to the control of Jordan and the Exercise of the economic blockade , and administrative represented By the control of the Palestinian opposition, political as the king baptized Abdullah on eliminating elements opposing the idea of annexation, it Must be pointed out that Britain was a staunch supporter of the Annexation process . The Jordanian government embarked on holding mock elections in order To gain legitimacy for the annexation process , and it proceeded to Select some Palestinian ministers , during the first session of the national assembly, verbal altercations erupted and it was suggested To postpone the vote on the annexation process at a letter time the Decision to postpone approval is an approval of the digestion process. These events were widely rejected by the Arab countries , especially Egypt and the kingdom of Saudi Arabia ,and the league of Arab states Annexation was contrary to the decisions of the Arab league and Resulted in about it Feisal Gordon from the membership of the Arab League.

China's Strategy for Promoting Innovation Institutions for Technological Dominance and International Challenges 2013-2025

Iyad Tawfiq Mahmood Nassar — 2025-10-02

The study aimed to identify China's strategy of focusing on technology and potential international challenges by harnessing its impressive public power. After the era of innovation, China chose the term of Chinese President Xi Jinping to work successfully. This was done to reach the top through creativity, innovation, and wise technology, with a skilled workforce and determination derived from Chinese experiences, which are indistinguishable. The study focused on the influence that led to this impressive appearance. The research includes the European Champions League, a conclusion, results, and recommendations.

Iran and the IMEC Corridor: An Analysis of Positions and Challenges

Ali Nejat — 2025-10-02

The India–Middle East–Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) is a strategic project announced at the 2023 G20 Summit in New Delhi. It aims to enhance economic connectivity between India, the Middle East, and Europe. This corridor links Asia to Europe via the Middle East, making it one of the most important global trade routes. Despite its economic potential, the corridor presents a theater of strategic and security-related confrontations. Iran, which has been excluded from the project, adopts an oppositional stance due to its geopolitical and economic implications on the country’s regional influence. This study aims to explore and analyze Iran’s position on the India–Europe Corridor project by examining its geopolitical, security, and economic dimensions and their impact on Iran’s regional interests. It also assesses Iran’s alternative strategies, particularly the North–South Corridor, to understand how the country is responding to this regional and international challenge. The significance of this research stems from the strategic location of the Middle East and Iran’s vital geographic and economic role in regional trade corridors. The study is further contextualized within the framework of major geopolitical shifts that are redrawing the maps of influence and competition among global and regional powers. The study is based on the hypothesis that the IMEC poses a direct threat to Iran’s strategic position, prompting it to adopt multifaceted strategies to maintain its trade and diplomatic presence and avoid isolation. The research is structured into an introduction and four main sections. The first section addresses the general background of the India–Europe Corridor and its strategic and economic objectives. The second section highlights Iran’s geographic position and its importance in regional and international trade. The third section focuses on Iran’s stance on the project and analyzes its political and economic responses. The fourth section examines the potential dimensions and risks the corridor may pose to Iran’s interests, particularly in the fields of economics, geopolitics, and regional security.

The Role of Leadership in Achieving Stability in Post-Conflict States: A Comparative Study of Rwanda and Burundi

Omar Hussain Alwan — 2025-10-02

The study highlights that leadership is a crucial factor in guiding the path of countries emerging from conflict, as the Rwandan case demonstrates how decisive and centralized leadership under President Paul Kagame contributed to rebuilding the state after the genocide in 1994. Rwanda adopted effective policies for national reconciliation, combating corruption, and promoting good governance, resulting in notable political stability and economic growth. In contrast, Burundi continues to face ongoing difficulties after the civil war, largely due to weak political leadership, which has failed to establish stability, leading to continued political and ethnic divisions, a deterioration of public freedoms, and fragile state institutions prone to interference.

Employee Liability for Damage to Public Funds (Comparative Study)

Ali M. Redha Alhashimi — 2025-10-02

This research sheds light on employee liability for damage to public funds by analysing the legal and regulatory frameworks in different systems. It aims to identify and analyse an employee's liability for damage to public funds, and to compare the legal and regulatory frameworks applicable in different legal systems, with the aim of developing a comprehensive conceptualisation to enhance protection and accountability mechanisms. The importance of this research is to enhance the protection of public funds by assessing the legal and regulatory frameworks for holding officials accountable, and to help develop policies and procedures that minimise the damage caused by employee error or negligence. The research methodology is based on the use of a descriptive and analytical approach, as the legal and regulatory frameworks related to employee liability for damage to public funds in different systems were analysed. The study also relied on legal comparison between legislations, while relying on relevant theoretical and legislative sources. The research included three topics, the first of which included the concept of the criminal liability of the employee, the second dealt with the relationship between the criminal and administrative liability of the public employee, and the third dealt with the impact of criminal liability in protecting public funds.

Enforcement of the Constitution during the Epic: A Study of the Legitimacy of Suspension between Constitutional Systems and Islamic Jurisprudence

Adeb M. Jasim Al-Hamawy — 2025-10-02

The practical value of a constitution depends on the conduct of the public authorities responsible for its implementation. These authorities are responsible for applying constitutional provisions correctly, ensuring that they are applied according to the constitution. However, if the constitutional provisions become entirely separated from the prevailing political, economic, and social realities, it may become necessary to abolish the existing constitution and adopt a new one. Yet, it is unreasonable to expect a constitution to outline the procedure for its own termination. Between the time a constitution comes into use until the moment it is repealed and replaced, certain exceptional circumstances (e.g., crises or emergencies) may arise, necessitating the suspension or temporary deactivation of some of its provisions due to threats endangering the state’s existence. In more severe cases, this may involve the complete suspension of the constitution while it is still formally in effect. This exceptional situation, which compels the suspension of the constitution, may lead to the undermining of the constitutional order itself which is known as “suspension of the constitution”. Therefore, the suspension of the constitution refers to the temporary halting of its provisions, either partially or entirely, when the state or its democratic institutions face danger, thereby permitting the president to make use of the exceptional powers temporarily.

Sustainable Development in Light of Auditors’ Commitment to International Auditing Standard No. (570): A Survey Study of a Sample of Auditors in the Federal Audit Office

Methaq H. Jabbar Al-Gharrawi — 2025-10-02

The objective of this study is to examine the extent to which auditors comply with International Standard on Auditing (ISA) 570 and to assess the impact of such compliance on achieving sustainable development. To this end, a structured questionnaire was distributed, with 110 copies issued and 90 valid responses collected for analysis, targeting a sample of auditors from the Federal Board of Supreme Audit in Iraq. The responses were analyzed to identify the relationship and impact between the studied variables. The findings revealed a strong positive correlation between auditors’ compliance with ISA 570 and the advancement of sustainable development. The significance of this research lies in the exploratory study conducted by the researcher to evaluate the current state of sustainable development practices in economic entities when their accounts are audited. The study aimed to identify strengths and weaknesses in the performance of these entities, and to provide insights that may be applied when auditing other entities in order to assess their continuity. The surveyed auditors’ perspectives further highlighted the substantive role of compliance with ISA 570 in supporting sustainable development objectives. The study reached several conclusions, the most important of which is that auditors’ adherence to ISA 570 significantly contributes to the realization of sustainable development.